Versailles' collective punishment of a humiliated Germany is widely believed to have led to World War II, prompting a reorientation in international law: Guilty nations have been replaced by war criminals, prosecuted and punished by international tribunals.  Here, German war crimes defendants sit in the Nuremberg  courtroom of the International Tribunal after WWII. Hermann Goering, Rudolph Hess, Joachim Von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel (front row), and Karl Doenitz, Erich Raeder, Baldor von Schirach, Fritz Sauchel (second row).
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