Overview of the mediators and signalling pathways underlying WAT browning in cancer cachexia. Abbreviations: AR, adrenergic receptor; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; FA, fatty acid; FOXC2, forkhead box protein C2; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen activated kinase; NA, noradrenaline; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PKA, protein kinase A; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PRDM16, PR- (PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous) domain containing protein 16; PTHrP, parathyroid-hormone related protein; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha; TWEAK, tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis; UCP1, uncoupling protein 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
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