Relationships between primate and human parasites: Malaria phylogeny based on the circumsporozoite protein gene. The alignment does not include the central repeat region. P. falciparum (Pfa), P. vivax (Pvi), and P. malariae (Pma) are from humans; P. cynomolgi (Pcy), P. simiovale (Pso), and P. knowlesi (Pkn) are from macaques; P. simium (Psi) and P. brasilianum (Pbr) are from New World monkeys; P. reichenowi (Pre) is from chimpanzees; P. gallinacium (Pga) is from birds; and P. berghei (Pbe) and P
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