Several Accounts of Island Constraints X-bar TheoryLexical-Functional Grammar syntactic relation & word order manipulated in the same structure require mixing different levels of information separately represented: f(unctional)-structure & c(onstituent)-structure displacement operation transformational account « long-distance dependencies» no movement operation and no empty categories in c-structure Kaplan & Zaenen (1989): long-distance dependencies are described at the functional level, based on the data from Icelandic
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