Practical Action: Inter-War Habsburg federalism and gold standard pre-1918 Habsburg federalism and gold standard pre-1918 Louis Loucheur s Steel Cartel, 1919, and proposals for customs union, 1924-27 Louis Loucheur s Steel Cartel, 1919, and proposals for customs union, 1924-27 Loucheur believed that economic arguments would pave the way for political union: functionalism Loucheur believed that economic arguments would pave the way for political union: functionalism David Mitrany later makes functionalist argument in his A Working Peace System (1943) David Mitrany later makes functionalist argument in his A Working Peace System (1943) Main impetus comes from Paneuropean social movements - especially in France Main impetus comes from Paneuropean social movements - especially in France Membership in French pro-European movements number in the hundreds of thousands in 1920s Membership in French pro-European movements number in the hundreds of thousands in 1920s
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