Fig. 1. Standard clinical care of infertile couples based on male fertility status. The evaluation of male infertility factor is based on a physical examination and sperm parameters analysis including sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Reproductive treatments with minimal intervention are recommended in absence of a known female factor and if all seminal parameters are within the range of normal values (green box). These less invasive treatments included timed Intercourse (TIC) that identify the days of the menstrual cycle when the woman could become pregnant and intrauterine insemination (IUI) based on the injection of sperm inside a woman's uterus increasing the number of sperm that reach and could fertilize the oocyte. In comparison, invasive in vitro assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are recommended if the semen sample has a very low sperm concentration or the sperm has aberrant motility or morphology. In vitro fertilization combines a sperm and an oocyte outside of the body in a laboratory dish with or without the help of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. One or more fertilized eggs that start to develop may then be transferred into the woman's uterus.
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