Effects Span many levels of biological organization Biochemical / physiological to community Contaminant penetrates to target sites (tissue) Exposure pathway [Sediment-(Invertebrate )-Fish] Documentation = laboratory + field studies Lab studies with field-collected sediments, spiked sediments, pore waters, waterborne metals Isolate effects of contaminants from other factors Field studies -- long-term cumulative effects Other factors difficult to tease out – Neosho madtom Resilience
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