Other Monitoring Mechanisms The UN Special Rapporteur International criminal courts and tribunal The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) P
{"Image DocumentName": "Other Monitoring Mechanisms", "Image ImageDescription": "The UN Special Rapporteur. International criminal courts and tribunal. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. This mandate was established in 1985 by the UN Commission on Human Rights. It is a non-treaty, \u2018UN Charter-based\u2019 body the purpose of which is to examine international practice relating to torture in any state regardless of any treaty the state may be bound by. On the basis of information received, the Special Rapporteur can communicate with governments and request their comments on cases that are raised. He or she can also make use of an \u2018urgent action\u2019 procedure, requesting a government to ensure that a particular person, or group of persons, are treated humanely. The Special Rapporteur can also conduct visits if invited, or given permission, by a state to do so. The reports of these missions are usually issued as addenda to the main report of the Special Rapporteur to the UN Commission on Human Rights. The Special Rapporteur reports annually and publicly to the UN Commission on Human Rights and to the UN General Assembly. The reports to the Commission contains summaries of all correspondence transmitted to governments by the Special Rapporteur and of correspondence received from governments. The reports may also include general observations about the problem of torture in specific countries, but do not contain conclusions on individual torture allegations. The reports may address specific issues or developments that influence or are conducive to torture in the world, offering general conclusions and recommendations. International criminal courts and tribunals. National criminal courts are primarily responsible for the investigation and prosecution of crimes of torture and other criminal forms of ill-treatment. A number of ad hoc international criminal tribunals have been established in recent years \u2013 including the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Crimes of torture as crimes against humanity and war crimes are included in the Statute of ICTY, ICTR and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Statute of the ICC was agreed in 1998 and received the 60 ratifications necessary for it to come into effect in The ICC will, in future, be able to prosecute some crimes of torture when national courts are unable or unwilling to do so. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) The International Committee of the Red Cross is an independent and impartial humanitarian body with a specific mandate assigned to it under international humanitarian law, particularly the four Geneva Conventions. It is active in providing many forms of protection and assistance to victims of armed conflict, as well as situations of internal strife. In cases of international armed conflict between states party to the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC is authorised to visit all places of internment, imprisonment and labour where prisoners of war or civilian internees are held. In cases of non-international armed conflicts, or situations of internal strife and tensions, it may offer its services to the conflicting parties and, with their consent, be granted access to places of detention. Delegates visit detainees with the aim of assessing and, if necessary, improving the material and psychological conditions of detention and preventing torture and ill-treatment. The visit procedures require access to all detainees and places of detention, that no limit be placed on the duration and frequency of visits, and that the delegates be able to talk freely and without witness to any detainee. Individual follow-up of the detainees\u2019 whereabouts is also part of ICRC standard visiting procedures. Visits and the reports made on them are confidential \u2013 although the ICRC may publish its own comments if a state publicly comments on a report or visit. PtD Project (IRCT, HRFT, REDRESS, PHR)", "Image XResolution": "37", "Image YResolution": "37", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Centimeter", "Image Software": "SlidePlayer", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered"}