10 Normality tests and removal of outliers Outliers Spurious values due to (2) Temporary or intermittent undesirable input (1) human error, e.g.
{"Image DocumentName": "Normality test and removal of outliers", "Image ImageDescription": "- Used to assess randomness of repeat measurement values. Rearrange a number of repeat values xi, i=1,2,\uf0d7\uf0d7\uf0d7,N , so that xi \uf0a3 xi+1. Compute percentage of repeat values that are not more than xi , i.e. \ud835\udc66 \ud835\udc56 =100 \ud835\udc56\u22121 \ud835\udc41 % Compute mean value and variance as. \ud835\udf07 \ud835\udc65 = 1 \ud835\udc41 \ud835\udc56=1 \ud835\udc41 \ud835\udc65 \ud835\udc56. \ud835\udf0e \ud835\udc65 2 = 1 \ud835\udc41\u22121 \ud835\udc56=1 \ud835\udc41 \ud835\udc65 \ud835\udc56 \u2212 \ud835\udf07 \ud835\udc65 2. Plot yi vs. xi  on probability graph paper as right. Normalize the repeat values as. \ud835\udc65 \ud835\udc56 \u2217 = \ud835\udc65 \ud835\udc56 \u2212 \ud835\udf07 \ud835\udc65 \ud835\udf0e \ud835\udc65. Assess deviation of plotted points from the Gaussian line.", "Image XResolution": "37", "Image YResolution": "37", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Centimeter", "Image Software": "SlidePlayer", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered"}