Limits in the use of scientific knowledge in evaluations aimed at learning  Case study 1: extension & soft system methodology  Aim: providing communication techniques (soft system) to support collective and consensual decisions (Checkland 1981)  Scientific knowledge, and the production of evidences is not pictured as central to these methods, BUT Scientific knowledge is used by stakeholders The control of the empirical validity of the scientific content of the debates is a key problem of these evaluation methodologies (Salner 2000) These methods can be distorted and can lead to strong asymmetries between stakeholders when there are conflicts between them (Jackson 1991)
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