Constructing Value-Added Estimates
{"Image DocumentName": "Constructing Value-Added Estimates", "Image ImageDescription": "Three steps to estimate VA in year t+1. Form residual test scores, controlling for observables. Regress test scores Ais on observable student characteristics Xis, including prior test scores Ai,s-1 using within-teacher variation. Regress mean class-level test score residuals in year t on class-level test score residuals in years 0 to t-1. Use estimated coefficients \ud835\udf131,\u2026, \ud835\udf13t to predict VA in year t+1 based on mean test score residuals in years 1 to t for each teacher j. Paper generalizes this approach to allow for variation in numbers of students and classes across teachers. Constructing Value-Added Estimates. 12.", "Image XResolution": "37", "Image YResolution": "37", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Centimeter", "Image Software": "SlidePlayer", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered"}